The Mojo Interview. REPRINTED FROM MOJO. Misunderstanding is a song by English rock band Genesis, released on their 1980 album Duke. It reached No. 14 in the U. S. and No. 42 in the UK. Its highest charting. Altar IbnLaAhads Codex was a personal journal written by the Master Assassin Altar. Also see SEP, EB, IEP, and ELC. Eratosthenes 276197 BCE African mathematician who discovered a method for identifying prime numbers and calculated the. When T. S. Eliot died, wrote Robert Giroux. THE RETURN OF STEELY DAN. Once upon a time, they were the odd couple in rock. They wrote songs that featured knuckle knotting chords and brain twisting lyrics. They welded jazz and rock into an alloy so smooth and shiny it was impossible to tell where the one ended and the other began. They gave up on live performance a decade before it became commonplace. They sneered at the world from a position of bohemian priority so rarefied it was hard to tell exactly where it was situated. They routinely ran rings around interviews. They havent changed. Separately, Donald Fagen and Walter Becker can be charming, witty, imaginative, accommodating, the most fulsome of interviewees. But put them in a room together and something else takes over the synergy that brought forth Steely Dan still operates its acid magic on the duo. Ask them a question any question and theyll bat it around for a few moments, testing it for comic potential, before volleying it back over the net, largely unanswered. Faced with the prospect of an in depth interview to promote their new album, Alive in America, they immediately put up the psychic barriers. Walter Becker Weve been doing these interviews now all week. Because its a live album with all these old songs on it, interviewers have used that as a pretext to ask questions about things that happened years and years ago. So weve rehashed things that we barely remember now to a point where were becoming increasingly alienated from anything that could be said to resemble the truth. Donald Fagen So youve come on the scene at the perfect moment. MOJO Stylised lies is exactly what Im after. Fagen We call them Stylies, for short. Youth/youth05/youth05-00356.jpg' alt='There Must Be Some Kind Of Mistake' title='There Must Be Some Kind Of Mistake' />Becker I think the important thing is to try and stay in the present and not have any painful sorties into the distant past. If you find yourself wanting to ask something about the Brill Building, or questions like Why did you decide to go out on the road again after 1. I think weve heard that one a few times too many, havent we Fagen See, you dont even have to ask any questions MOJO Well, I think thats the first four pages of my questions gone. Becker Thereve been journalists in here all week that have already gotten better answers to these questions than we could possibly give you, due to repetition. There Must Be Some Kind Of Mistake' title='There Must Be Some Kind Of Mistake' />Maybe Gail a PR could hook you up with one of those guys, and you could just download what they got MOJO On the other hand, your answers would be more finely honed now, where before they would have been rough drafts. Becker Thus putting the lie to the concept that you cant polish a turd MOJO Youve got a new, or newish, live album coming out. Fagen Thats newish in the sense of distinguishing Jew from Jewish, is it Becker This is beginning to remind me of the joke where the guy from Oklahoma goes up to a New York cabbie and says, Excuse me, could you tell me how I can get to Times Square, or should I just go fuck myselfMOJO Indeed. Has anyone ever suggested you might be difficult to interviewBecker Yeah, that has been suggested, and as I say, it has to do with overload. Yknow the horror, the horror Fagen The guys who came round Monday thought we were, like, sweethearts. But the last couple of days, no. Becker Also, we had to film our EPK Electronic Press Kit over two days. MOJO Oh. And what kind of stuff was in thatBecker Shit. Utter shit. It as kind of like another rehash of the same questions. Fagen. that we hired someone ourselves to ask Becker Theyd ask us these things, then wed decide maybe we should do it indoors, and theyd ask us again, then we actually went to the Brill Building So, here we are at the Brill Building. Fagen At one point the director wanted us to read some stuff as we were walking down some stairs, and he said, Say this as though its stuff the record company is making you say, and try to say it with a mocking tone. Assuming that everything wed said previous to that wasnt in a mocking tone. MOJO Have you ever thought you might be in the wrong business Becker Yes, through most of the 8. MOJO Rock music is at least partly about communication, after all. Becker Not in our case its not. Fagen Actually, our new album is going to be called Stand Up Rock n Roll. SO HERE WE ARE AT THE BRILL BUILDING, ITS THE LATE 6. S AND THESEtwo sullen, nondescript youths, fresh out of college, are hustling their songs around the various music publishers in the building. One has wire rimmed spectacles, shoulder length blond hair, and looks a bit like River Phoenix. The other is thin to the point of emaciation. Phil Collins There Must Be Some Kind Of Mistake' title='Phil Collins There Must Be Some Kind Of Mistake' />The Blatant Lies trope as used in popular culture. This page is blank Theres nothing to see Nothing at all So one of the characters has a secret, one. They troop into an office. The thin one sits at the office piano and opens an exercise book of songs. Together, they sing on for the man behind the desk. Its about androids discovering theyre alive, a bit like in that Philip K. Dick book. They sing another. Its about Charlie Parker, and is full of odd, show offy changes. A third, a put down of some place called Barry Town, makes good use of the spiteful undertone in the thin ones voice, but is too nasty. A fourth appears to be about a dildo it even mentions that Japanese one from the William Burroughs book. The man behind the desk sits there, nonplussed. What are these two kids thinking of No one wants to hear songs like this. Do they They troop out of the office, up the stairs and into another office. This was before cassettes, so we would just play and sing, explains Fagen. We met a lot of people in the Brill Building. We met Jerry Leiber, which was great, because he was an idol of ours and there were still some other great songwriters there, like Jeff Barry. Peace-and-justice-are-two-sides-of-the-same-coin..jpg' alt='There Must Be Some Kind Of Mistake' title='There Must Be Some Kind Of Mistake' />We knew about the scene and we were into the craft of the thing. We wanted to become great songwriters. It was almost over then, but at 1. Broadway there were still some things happening. The Lovin Spoonful. Buddah Records had an office there, and there was a lot of one shot soul stuff coming out of there. I dont think we were trying to imitate any of the top songwriters, says Becker, except, in a roundabout way the very arty songs But Bacharach had written for Dionne Warwick. Those were an immense source of inspiration for us, but we werent trying to copy them his pieces had these formal, Stravinskyesque angularities that were reminiscent of 2. We were impressed by how far out he was able to get and still make it sound sort of like pop music. At one point our demo was played for Leiber Stoller, who had an office upstairs. Jerry Leibers comment was that it reminded him of some German art songs brought into the contemporary style. We subsequently learned that it was better to have our songs pass a pop songs and then have whatever else we wanted in them afterwards. Fagen, a jazz fan from Passaic, New Jersey, had already put in a good few years developing an anti social personality when he met Becker at Bard College. Influenced by the hipster humour of stand ups and monologuists like Lenny Bruce and Gene Shepard, and by Paul Krassners magazine The Realists, Fagen hated the New Jersey suburbia, and would take off to Manhattan on the weekends to see the likes of Monk, Rollins, Miles, and Mingus at Greenwich Village clubs like the Village Vanguard. When he was bought his first piano at the age of 1. Red Garland, from Miles Daviss great Quintet. At Bard, Fagen studied literature, graduating in 1. Gettier Problems Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Manual Add Sky Channels. Gettier problems or cases are named in honor of the American philosopher Edmund Gettier, who discovered them in 1. They function as challenges to the philosophical tradition of defining knowledge of a proposition as justified true belief in that proposition. What Is The Purpose Of The Code-Behind Files In Asp.Net here. The problems are actual or possible situations in which someone has a belief that is both true and well supported by evidence, yet which according to almost all epistemologists fails to be knowledge. Gettiers original article had a dramatic impact, as epistemologists began trying to ascertain afresh what knowledge is, with almost all agreeing that Gettier had refuted the traditional definition of knowledge. They have made many attempts to repair or replace that traditional definition of knowledge, resulting in several new conceptions of knowledge and of justificatory support. In this respect, Gettier sparked a period of pronounced epistemological energy and innovation all with a single two and a half page article. There is no consensus, however, that any one of the attempts to solve the Gettier challenge has succeeded in fully defining what it is to have knowledge of a truth or fact. So, the force of that challenge continues to be felt in various ways, and to various extents, within epistemology. Sometimes, the challenge is ignored in frustration at the existence of so many possibly failed efforts to solve it. Often, the assumption is made that somehow it can and will, one of these days be solved. Usually, it is agreed to show something about knowledge, even if not all epistemologists concur as to exactly what it shows. Table of Contents. Introduction The Justified True Belief Analysis of Knowledge Gettiers Original Challenge Some other Gettier Cases The Basic Structure of Gettier Cases The Generality of Gettier Cases Attempted Solutions Infallibility Attempted Solutions Eliminating Luck Attempted Solutions Eliminating False Evidence Attempted Solutions Eliminating Defeat Attempted Solutions Eliminating Inappropriate Causality Attempted Dissolutions Competing Intuitions Attempted Dissolutions Knowing Luckily Gettier Cases and Analytic Epistemology References and Further Reading 1. Introduction. Gettier problems or cases arose as a challenge to our understanding of the nature of knowledge. Initially, that challenge appeared in an article by Edmund Gettier, published in 1. But his article had a striking impact among epistemologists, so much so that hundreds of subsequent articles and sections of books have generalized Gettiers original idea into a more wide ranging concept of a Gettier case or problem, where instances of this concept might differ in many ways from Gettiers own cases. Philosophers swiftly became adept at thinking of variations on Gettiers own particular cases and, over the years, this fecundity has been taken to render his challenge even more significant. This is especially so, given that there has been no general agreement on how to solve the challenge posed by Gettier cases as a group Gettiers own ones or those that other epistemologists have observed or imagined. Note that sometimes this general challenge is called the Gettier problem. What, then, is the nature of knowledge And can we rigorously define what it is to know Gettiers article gave to these questions a precision and urgency that they had formerly lacked. The questions are still being debated more or less fervently at different times within post Gettier epistemology. The Justified True Belief Analysis of Knowledge. Gettier cases are meant to challenge our understanding of propositional knowledge. This is knowledge which is described by phrases of the form knowledge that p, with p being replaced by some indicative sentence such as Kangaroos have no wings. It is knowledge of a truth or fact knowledge of how the world is in whatever respect is being described by a given occurrence of p. Usually, when epistemologists talk simply of knowledge they are referring to propositional knowledge. It is a kind of knowledge which we attribute to ourselves routinely and fundamentally. Hence, it is philosophically important to ask what, more fully, such knowledge is. If we do not fully understand what it is, will we not fully understand ourselves either That is a possibility, as philosophers have long realized. Those questions are ancient ones in his own way, Plato asked them. And, prior to Gettiers challenge, different epistemologists would routinely have offered in reply some more or less detailed and precise version of the following generic three part analysis of what it is for a person to have knowledge that p for any particular p Belief. The person believes that p. This belief might be more or less confident. And it might but it need not be manifested in the persons speech, such as by her saying that p or by her saying that she believes that p. Ctcss Decoder Software. All that is needed, strictly speaking, is for her belief to exist while possessing at least the two further properties that are about to be listed. Truth. The persons belief that p needs to be true. If it is incorrect instead, then no matter what else is good or useful about it it is not knowledge. It would only be something else, something lesser. Admittedly, even when a belief is mistaken it can feel to the believer as if it is true. But in that circumstance the feeling would be mistaken and so the belief would not be knowledge, no matter how much it might feel to the believer like knowledge. Justification. The persons belief that p needs to be well supported, such as by being based upon some good evidence or reasoning, or perhaps some other kind of rational justification. Otherwise, the belief, even if it is true, may as well be a lucky guess. It would be correct without being knowledge. It would only be something else, something lesser. Supposedly on standard pre Gettier epistemology, each of those three conditions needs to be satisfied, if there is to be knowledge and, equally, if all are satisfied together, the result is an instance of knowledge. In other words, the analysis presents what it regards as being three individually necessary, and jointly sufficient, kinds of condition for having an instance of knowledge that p. The analysis is generally called the justified true belief form of analysis of knowledge or, for short, JTB. For instance, your knowing that you are a person would be your believing as you do that you are one, along with this beliefs being true as it is and its resting as it does upon much good evidence. That evidence will probably include such matters as your having been told that you are a person, your having reflected upon what it is to be a person, your seeing relevant similarities between yourself and other persons, and so on. It is important to bear in mind that JTB, as presented here, is a generic analysis. It is intended to describe a general structuring which can absorb or generate comparatively specific analyses that might be suggested, either of all knowledge at once or of particular kinds of knowledge. It provides a basic outline a form of a theory. In practice, epistemologists would suggest further details, while respecting that general form. So, even when particular analyses suggested by particular philosophers at first glance seem different to JTB, these analyses can simply be more specific instances or versions of that more general form of theory.